Oral cancer encompasses a range of malignant tumors that develop in the tissues of the oral cavity and oropharynx. It includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, gums, hard and soft palate, tonsils, and throat.
Oral cancer is one of the top 10 most common cancers worldwide.
It has a higher mortality rate than many other cancers due to late-stage diagnosis.
Early detection significantly improves survival, with a 5-year survival rate over 80% if caught early, compared to 20–30% in late stages.
Tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, snuff)
Excessive alcohol consumption
Human Papillomavirus (HPV-16), particularly linked to oropharyngeal cancers
Prolonged sun exposure (especially for lip cancer)
Poor diet low in fruits and vegetables
Chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures or sharp teeth
Genetic predisposition
Persistent ulcers or sores in the mouth (lasting >2 weeks)
Red or white patches (erythroplakia or leukoplakia)
A lump, thickening, or rough spot
Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking
Numbness or pain in the mouth or lips
Loose teeth without a dental cause
Changes in voice or a persistent sore throat
Clinical examination and visual inspection
Biopsy of any suspicious lesion
Imaging: MRI, CT scan, or PET for staging
HPV testing for oropharyngeal cancers
Surgery: Removal of tumors or affected tissue
Radiation therapy: Often used post-surgery
Chemotherapy: For advanced or metastatic cases
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: Emerging approaches for specific cancer types
Rehabilitation: Speech therapy, reconstructive surgery, and psychological support
Avoid tobacco and alcohol
Regular oral cancer screenings during dental checkups
Vaccinate against HPV
Use lip balm with SPF
Maintain good oral hygiene and diet
Dentists are on the front line of oral cancer detection. Routine screening exams can catch precancerous changes early. Educating patients about symptoms and risk factors is crucial for prevention and timely diagnosis.
Summary:
Oral cancer is preventable, detectable, and treatable—especially when caught early. Integrating regular screenings into dental visits and promoting awareness can save lives.